![]() ‘Letter from Washington,’ Weekly Anglo-African, 1 August 1863.ġ8. ‘The Colored Regiments of Massachusetts,’ Weekly Anglo-African, 19 December 1863.ġ7. In ‘Toussaint Louverture’, Lamartine repeats a black version of the Marseillaise slaves sang in revolutionary Haiti, 1264–65.ġ6. De Lamartine, Oeuvres Poetiques Completes, 1401. 51 ‘Flag Presentation in Baltimore,’ Weekly Anglo-African, 29 August 1863.ġ4. The Union veteran and black historian George Washington Williams wrote, ‘the black troops charged, singing “La Marseillaise”’ ( History of the Negro Troops, 50) Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. Beard, The Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture, 107 Redpath, Toussaint L'Ouverture, 99.ġ3. Dain, ‘Haiti and Egypt’ Kachun, Festivals of Freedom Kachun, ‘Antebellum African Americans.’ġ2. It is likely that like other abolitionists, Douglass refrained from invoking the black republic explicitly to avoid conjuring images of race war and the failed experiment of black national independence that contemporary Haiti provided. ‘Men of Color, to Arms!’ Douglass' Monthly, March 1863.ġ0. ‘A Trip to Hayti,' Douglass’ Monthly, May 1861.ĩ. Douglass, ‘The Trials and Triumphs of Self-Made Men,’ 291.Ĩ. ![]() For one of Douglass' lengthiest treatments of Toussaint, see ‘Toussaint L'Ouverture,’ Frederick Douglass Papers, Library of Congress, Container 31, Microfilm reel 19 David Turley describes British reactions to Douglass on a visit to England in 1846 and the subsequent comparisons to Toussaint in ‘British Unitarians, Frederick Douglass and Race,’ 12.ħ. Following the Civil War, Douglass served as the first American Minister to Haiti. For discussions of masculinity in the nineteenth century, see: Dorsey, Reforming Men and Women Leverenz, Manhood and the American Renaissance Rotundo, American Manhood.Ħ. McKivigan's collection of essays, Antislavery Violence, highlights the militancy of abolitionists on the eve of the Civil War and details their growing commitment to violence to end slavery. ![]() Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, 242–46.ĥ. Geggus, Haitian Revolutionary Studies, 230 Dubois, Avengers of the New World, 171 King, ‘Toussaint L'Ouverture before 1791,’ 68 Debien et al., ‘Toussaint Louverture Avant 1789.’Ĥ. Furstenberg, ‘Beyond Freedom and Slavery.’ģ. ![]()
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